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Exam 7: Digital Mammography

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Question 1

Multiple Choice

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____ uses the principles of conventional tomography to produce tomographic images that are intended to enhance the conspicuity of lesions by blurring out structures above and below the layer of interest.

A) Digital tomosynthesis
B) CAD systems
C) Quantitation
D) Discriminant analysis

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Question 2

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CAD has been applied to ____________________ and diagnostic mammography, chest radiography, chest CT, cardiovascular systems, neuroradiology, virtual colonography, pediatric radiology, and to the musculoskeletal system.

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Question 3

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____ uses rule-based methods and other approaches such as discriminant analysis, artificial neural networks, and the decision-tree method to distinguish between normal and abnormal patterns based on features obtained in quantitation.

Image processing algorithms allow the human to pick up initial lesions and suspicious patterns.

____________________ systems are essentially based on two approaches: those that use location of lesions by using the computer to search for abnormal patterns and those that quantify the image features of normal and/or abnormal patterns.

What is the only DM system that has not been approved by the FDA, even though this system is being used in Japan and in Europe as well?

If the radiologist needs a lighter or darker film or if the image contrast needs to be changed, then the technologist must perform the exam using a different set of ____________________ technique factors to demonstrate these required characteristics.

There are three major technical components of a CAD system: image processing, ____________________ of image features, and data processing.

Digital mammography can be used in visualizing ____________________ by using an iodinated contrast medium.

Which of the following algorithms can produce digital mammograms very similar to standard screen-film mammograms but is limited by its operator dependence?

Picture archiving and ____________________ systems are now commonplace in hospitals, and the next consideration for DM is to send all the digitally acquired images to the PACS.

The ____________________ is central to a DM imaging system.

Once the image is displayed on a monitor for viewing, the observer can now apply digital image pre-processing techniques.

Two CAD systems commercially available for use in Radiology are the R2 Image Checker, R2 Technology from R2 Technology, Inc., Los Altos, California; and the CADx ____________________, CADx Medical Systems, Quebec, Canada.

In order to compare the clinical usefulness of a new technique with existing techniques, it is essential to conduct ____________________.

Which cassette contains the intensifying screen and the film that has been made for use in mammographic imaging?

The overall diagnostic accuracy of digital and film mammography as a means of screening for breast cancer is similar, but ____________________ mammography is more accurate in women under the age of 50 years, women with radiographically dense breasts, and premenopausal or perimenopausal women.

After obtaining which image of the breast are several iodinated contrast images (contrast medium-enhanced) recorded?

____ include filtering baser, Fourier analysis, artificial neural networks, wavelet transform, etc., to enhance and extract lesions.

Contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization can also provide subtle edge information but might degrade performance in the screening setting by enhancing the visibility of nuisance information.