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Exam 27: The Animal Biology and How It Moves

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Question 1

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You just got a good look at the Loch Ness Monster! It's tail was waving from side to side. What can you conclude?

A) It is likely a type of fish.
B) It is likely a type of sea lion.
C) It is likely a type of whale.
D) Cannot draw any conclusion.

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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Question 2

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At the emergency room, the doctor tell you "Your friend has high levels of troponin in the blood." What is this likely to indicate?

A) a broken bone
B) a high level of fitness
C) muscle damage
D) an unhealthy diet

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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Question 3

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Based on the above diagram and other information from your text, what is the most likely (e.g., most parsimonious) explanation for the evolution of flight in vertebrates?

The sliding filament model for muscle contraction can be studied using an isolated skeletal muscle that is fixed at each end, while a machine records the tension that is generated when the muscle is stimulated to contract. In one particular muscle tested, the length of the thick filaments was 1.6 $\mu$ m and the length of the thin filaments that project in from each Z line towards the center of the sarcomere was 1.0 $\mu$ 0m. A summary of the results comparing sarcomere length to the degree of tension produced during contraction is shown below. What most likely explains the difference between segment II and segment III of the graph?

Insects such as mosquitoes and beetles can beat their wings at tremendous speeds. This can be accomplished because

Why does the sarcomere get narrower during muscle contraction?

If the skin formed as a simple epithelium during development, what result would you expect?

To diagnose and treat a disease, a doctor must evaluate the patient's body at multiple levels of organization. Identify the level of organization relevant to each stage of the process described below. (1) As part of Fred's annual physical, the doctor examined his skin, fingernails and hair for signs of disease. Noticing an unusual lesion on his neck, the doctor referred Fred to a dermatologist. (2) Upon observing the lesion, the dermatologist said, "Yes, this looks like it could be a squamous cell carcinoma, a tumor in the epidermis of the skin." (3) The dermatologist carefully examined all of Fred's skin for signs of additional tumors, but did not find any. (4) The dermatologist removed the lesion and sent it for a biopsy. Under the microscope, the pathologist saw some cells with abnormal morphology and confirmed a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. However, he noted that the margins of the lesion were clear of abnormal cells, and the tumor had been successfully removed.

How would you expect a disease of cartilage formation affect bone development?

A friend asks you how exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands. She knows that both form from invaginated epithelium. How do you respond?

As the Baby Boomer generation ages, more and more joint replacement surgeries take place each year. Hip replacement surgery is the gold standard of all joint replacement surgeries, with many patients able to walk just a few hours after surgery and return home the very next day. In contrast, knee replacement surgery usually requires hospital stays of several days, followed by weeks to months of physical therapy. What best explains why the recovery after hip replacement surgery is so much faster than after knee replacement surgery?

In 1822, the Canadian fur trader Alexis St. Martin was accidentally shot with a musket. The shot entered his left chest, fractured a rib, damaged the lungs, lacerated the diaphragm, perforated the stomach, and finally exited his body. Amazingly he survived, but the hole in his belly never completely healed. This allowed Dr. William Beaumont direct access to his stomach for experiments, and led to his discovery of the importance of stomach acid in digestion. Which body cavities did the musket shot pass through?

In order for an earthworm to lengthen several contiguous segments of its body, it must

You decide to do an experiment with isolated myofibrils to explore the effects of ATP hydrolysis on myofibril function. You do this by bathing the myofibrils in a solution that contains a modified form of ATP, which cannot be split into ADP and P_i. At what step will myofibril function be arrested by using this compound instead of unmodified ATP?

Impressive was a champion Quarter Horse stallion with a magnificent muscular physique, a trait that he passed on to dozens of offspring. However, many of Impressive's offspring developed periodic muscular twitching that sometimes left the horses temporarily unable to move. Some horses even died. As it turns out, Impressive's award-winning physique was due to a mutation in a single, protein-encoding gene, resulting in hyperexcitable muscle (which contracts even in the absence of a stimulus from its motor neuron) . Which is NOT a plausible explanation for the identity of the abnormal muscle protein in Impressive and his offspring?

In the power stroke shown in panel c below, the thin filaments are pulled towards the center of the sarcomere. What is the specific sequence of events that occurs during a power stroke?

It's the ninth inning, and the bases are loaded. As the pitcher winds up to throw the ball, how does each tissue in his arm contribute to this critical pitch? The ___________ of his fingers grips the ball. His __________ sends instructions that trigger his ___________ to contract. His ______________ provides stability and transmits the force produced.

The figure below represents a joint in the hind leg of a grasshopper. The exoskeleton of the leg is indicated by the two pairs of parallel black lines. A muscle that moves this leg is fixed to the skeleton at the end marked with a blue star. When the muscle contracts, it will pull on the tendon at its opposite end. Which configuration shows the most likely arrangement of the exoskeleton and a muscle that increases the flexion of this leg?